Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology | Volume 4 | Issue 1 | 2020-07-28

Synergistic ingestion of tramadol, calabash chalk (nzu), cigarette, alcohol and codeine: its impact on the renal and hepatic function of male humans

TAMUNO-BOMA ODINGA

Abstract

The abuse of drugs and substances by youths globally has become a cause for great concern as it does not just lead them to detrimental acts of violence, but also affects the health of the consumers. This study investigated the effect of ingestion of a mixture of tramadol, calabash chalk, cigarette, alcohol and codeine on the renal and hepatic function of male humans. The subjects were young males of age range 18-25 years, 40 of which have been exposed to the mixture for over one year, this group served as the Addict group. The non-addicts group were 40 young males of 18-25 years that have never been exposed to the substances and drugs. Blood samples were collected from respondents into EDTA and plain bottles and analysed in the laboratory for Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, and Blood electrolytes (Sodium (Na+ ), Potassium (K+ ), Chloride (Cl- ) and Bicarbonate (HCO3 - ), as indicators of renal function, while the hepatic biomarkers were Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Total protein (TP), Albumin (ALB), Total Bilirubin (TB) and Conjugated Bilirubin (CB). The results obtained revealed a distinct variation between the addict subjects and the non-addict subjects in all parameters analysed. Na+ showed a statistical significant difference between the addict subjects and non-addict subjects. The study therefore submitsthat the synergistic intake of tramadol, calabash chalk, cigarette, alcohol and codeine altered the renal and hepatic function of male humans adversely and reduces the haemostatic function of the renal cells.